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Objective:To explore the effects and mechanism of electroacupuncture (EA) on expression of myostatin (MSTN), muscle-specific ring finger protein 1 (MuRF1/Trim63), F-box only protein 32 (Atrogin-1/ Fbxo32), myogenic differentiation antigen (Myod) and myogenin (Myog) in traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) rats. Methods:A total of 45 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (n = 12) and operation group (n = 33). The TSCI model was established with the modified Allen's method. After modeling, there were 24 survival rats and they were randomly divided into model group (n = 12) and EA group (n = 12). EA group was electroacupunctured at Dazhui (DU 14), Mingmen (DU 4) and bilateral Zusanli (ST 36) for 10 minutes, once a day, six times a week for 28 days. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score was tested before modeling, and three days, seven days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days after modeling. The rats were measured their body mass before and 28 days after modeling. The ratio of gastrocnemius wet mass was calculated; the cross-sectional area (CSA) and fiber diameter were measured by HE staining; the expression of MSTN, Trim63, Fbxo32, Myod and Myog mRNA were tested with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results:Three days, seven days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days after modeling, the score of BBB was lower in the model group than in the sham operation group (P < 0.01); seven days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days after modeling, the score of BBB was higher in EA group than in the model group (P < 0.01). Compared with the sham operation group, the mass of rats, the gastrocnemius wet mass, the CSA and the diameter of the muscle fiber were smaller in the model group (P < 0.05), while the expression of MSTN, Trim63, Fbxo32, Myod and Myog mRNA were higher (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the mass of rats, the gastrocnemius wet mass, the CSA, the expression of Myod and Myog mRNA were higher (P < 0.05) in EA group, while the expression of MSTN, Trim63 and Fbxo32 mRNA were lower (P < 0.05). Conclusion:EA might delay the gastrocnemius atrophy in TSCI rats by down-regulating the expression of MSTN, Trim63, Fbxo32 mRNA and up-regulating the expression of Myod and Myog mRNA via controlling the differentiation of the muscle satellite cells and the degradation of protein in skeletal muscle cells.
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Careful analysis of follicular morphology and numbers of different follicular maturation stages, in combination with the measurements of gonadotropic and sex hormone profiles, provide an accurate and rapid evaluation system of the ovarian function. The aim of this study is to improve the existing methods of ovarian tissue section preparation and staining methods, and to establish a fast and easy method to observe and evaluate follicular maturation stage and numbers using mouse ovary samples. Ovaries were collected at menstrual phases of proestrus, oestrus, metestrus and diestrus from C57BL/6J female mice. Then the ovaries were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, dehydrated with graded sucrose, embedded with OCT, frozen-sectioned at 7 μm thick, and subjected to quick haematoxylin & eosin staining for observation. The results showed that the present method was able to distinguish secondary, preantral, antral, and preovulatory follicles. Although our method was unable to discriminate and distinguish primordial follicles and primary follicles, the results were comparable to those from more complicated techniques. We conclude that this improved and quick method can be used in combination with hormone analysis to investigate ovarian development and function in different mouse models.
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Objective Toexploretheprognosticvalueofpreoperativeneutrophil-to-lymphocyteratioandderived neutrophil-to-lymphocyteratioincolorectalcancer(CRC)individuals.Methods Theclinicalpathologicaldataand preoperative blood routine test results were collected from medical records,and 5 year follow up was performed in a total of 555 surgically resected CRC cases.Receiver operative curve (ROC)was used to calculate NLR and d -NLR cut-off value,and Kaplan-Meier curve and multiple COX regression were selected to evaluate the influence of preoperative NLR and d -NLR on clinical outcome of CRC cases and prognostic predictive nomogram was established to evaluate the predictivevalueofNLRandd-NLR.Results Usingoverallsurvival(OS)asanendpoint,theoptimalcut-offvaluesof NLR and d-NLR were 3.21 (Sensitivity=0.752,specificity=0.753,AUC=0.762)and 2.12 (sensitivity=0.721, specificity=0.683,AUC=0.720),respectively.Preoperative NLR and d-NLR were significantly associated with free-recurrent survival (RFS)and OS(P<0.01).NLR and d-NLR were independent factors for prediction of RFS (HRNLR=2.53,HRd-NLR=1.60)and OS (HRNLR=2.75,HRd-NLR=2.11)in II-III stage preoperative CRC patients.The C-indexes of RFS and OS predictive nomograms including NLR and d-NLR were 0.851 and 0.836,and C-indexes without NLRandd-NLRwere0.801and0.793,respectively.Conclusion ThisresultsindicatedthatRFSandOSofthe patients with preoperative high NLR and d-NLR were significantly shorter than those with relative low NLR and d-NLR, and they were independent prognostic predictive factors for RFS and OS,and nomograms including NLR and d-NLR could significantly improve the prognostic predictive efficacy in postoperative CRC individuals.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of total saponins of Dioscorea (TSD), an extract of the Chinese herbal Bi Xie, on hyperuricemia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The rat hyperuricemia model was established by administration of adenine. Thirty-two rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups: model group, low/high-dose TSD-treated groups, and allopurinol-treated group. Meanwhile, 8 rats were used as normal controls. Serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A1 (OATP1A1) levels were measured. Comparison between the model group and treatment (allopurinol and TSD) groups showed the serum UA levels were significantly decreased in treatment groups. TSD had similar effects to allopurinol. It was found that the OATP1A1 protein expression levels in treatment groups were higher than in model group and normal controls. And different from the allopurinol-treated groups, TSD-treated group had elevated OATP1A1 expression levels in the stomach, liver, small intestine and large intestine tissues. It was suggested that TSD may facilitate the excretion of UA and lower UA levels by up-regulating OATP1A1 expression.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Creatinine , Blood , Dioscorea , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Hyperuricemia , Drug Therapy , Intestines , Metabolism , Liver , Metabolism , Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Independent , Genetics , Metabolism , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Saponins , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Stomach , Metabolism , Up-Regulation , Uric Acid , BloodABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of total saponins of Dioscorea (TSD), an extract of the Chinese herbal Bi Xie, on hyperuricemia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The rat hyperuricemia model was established by administration of adenine. Thirty-two rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups: model group, low/high-dose TSD-treated groups, and allopurinol-treated group. Meanwhile, 8 rats were used as normal controls. Serum uric acid (UA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A1 (OATP1A1) levels were measured. Comparison between the model group and treatment (allopurinol and TSD) groups showed the serum UA levels were significantly decreased in treatment groups. TSD had similar effects to allopurinol. It was found that the OATP1A1 protein expression levels in treatment groups were higher than in model group and normal controls. And different from the allopurinol-treated groups, TSD-treated group had elevated OATP1A1 expression levels in the stomach, liver, small intestine and large intestine tissues. It was suggested that TSD may facilitate the excretion of UA and lower UA levels by up-regulating OATP1A1 expression.
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Objective To investigate the application of the ultrasonic guidance-assisted neonatal internal jugular vein catheterization.Methods Sixty two newborns (including low birth weight infants) receving thoracic/abdominal operation or resection of malignant tumor on the body-surface were randomly assigned to ultrasound guidance (UG) group or surface mark landmark(S) group.Newborns in both groups were all punctured with 22G venous indwelling needles to place the external casing,followed by the steel wire guidance-assisted implantation of ARROW 4F dual chamber central venous catheter.Then we compared the rate of successful insertion attempt,rate of malpositioning,complications and average operation time between the two groups.Results The rate of successful insertion attempt was 96.8%(30/31) in the UG group,significantly higher than that in the S group (32.3%,10/31),there was significant difference between the two groups(χ2=28.182,P=0.000).Malpositioning happened in 2 cases in the UG group,but 25 cases in the S group.Rate of complications was higher in the S group compared to the UG group (64.5% vs 3.2%,χ2=25.99,P=0.000).Most importantly,the average operation time was (4.366±1.137)min in the UG group,significantly shorter than that of the S group [(13.70±5.34)min,t=5.463,P=0.028)].ConclusionUltrasound guidance-assisted catheterization for neonatal internal jugular vein is safe and feasible and can dramatically improve the success rate and prevent complications.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze de novo copy number variations (CNVs) in a Chinese family affected with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Affymetrix Cytogenetics Whole Genome 2.7M Array assay was performed to identify potential CNVs in four members from the family.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 89 de novo CNV regions were identified in the autistic siblings. The CNV regions in total have exceeded 1/1000 of the lengths of chromosomes 5, 11 and 14. In addition, de novo CNV regions were also identified at 3p26.1, 4q22.2, and 5p15.2, which encompassed 10 genes associated with nerve development including GRM7, GRID2 and CTNND2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A number of nerve development associated genes were at the de novo CNV sites, which may provide new clues for genetic research of ASD. High-resolution array-comparative genomic hybridization is an effective method for detecting submicroscopic chromosomal imbalances.</p>
Subject(s)
Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Child Development Disorders, Pervasive , Genetics , Comparative Genomic Hybridization , Methods , DNA Copy Number VariationsABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>In response to the injury of the central nervous system (CNS), the astrocytes upregulate the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), which largely contributes to the reactive gliosis after brain injury. The regulatory mechanism of this process is still not clear. In this study, we aimed to compare the ephrin-B2 deficient mice with the wild type ones with regard to gliosis after traumatic brain injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We generated ephrin-B2 knockout mice specifically in CNS astrocytes. Twelve mice from this gene-knockout strain were randomly selected along with twelve mice from the wild type littermates. In both groups, a modified controlled cortical impact injury model was applied to create a closed traumatic brain injury. Twenty-eight days after the injury, Nissl staining and GFAP immunofluorescence staining were used to compare the brain atrophy and GFAP immunoreactivity between the two groups. All the data were analyzed by t-test for between-group comparison.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We successfully set up the conditional ephrin-B2 knockout mice strain, which was confirmed by genotyping and ephrin-B2/GFAP double staining. These mice developed normally without apparent abnormality in general appearance. Twenty-eight days following brain injury, histopathology revealed by immunohistochemistry showed different degrees of cerebral injuries in both groups. Compared with wild-type group, the ephrin-B2 knockout group exhibited less brain atrophy ratio for the injured hemispheres (P = 0.005) and hippocampus (P = 0.027). Also the wild-type group demonstrated greater GFAP immunoreactivity increment within hippocampal regions (P = 0.008).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The establishment of conditional ephrin-B2 knockout mice provides us with a new way to explore the role of ephrin-B2 in astrocytes. Our findings revealed less atrophy and GFAP immunoreactivity in the knockout mice strain after traumatic brain injury, which implied ephrin-B2 could be one of the promoters to upregulate gliosis following brain injury.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Atrophy , Brain , Pathology , Brain Injuries , Pathology , Ephrin-B2 , Physiology , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein , Gliosis , Immunohistochemistry , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Knockout , Nerve Tissue ProteinsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of hydrodynamics-mediated RNAi for Mfn2 gene expression in liver and the levels of blood sugar and fat in mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fifty-six male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into normal control group (NC, n = 8), negative control group (HK, n = 24) and transfection group (Mfn2, n = 24) according to random digits table. 1.5 ml plasmid (negative control or Mfn2 shRNA, 75mug for each mouse) diluted into phosphate buffered solution (PBS) was injected into the HK and Mfn2 groups mice via hydrodynamic intravascular injection. Mfn2 mRNA and protein expression in hepatic tissue was detected by RT-PCR and Western-blot 24 hours, 72 hours and 120 hours respectively after injection. At the same time, the levels of fasted blood sugar (FBS) and triglyceride (TG) were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with HK mice, the expressions of Mfn2 mRNA (1.00+/-0.03 vs 1.14+/-0.07, t = 4.027, P = 0.007; 1.01+/-0.053 vs 1.18+/-0.07, t = 4.234, P = 0.006) and protein (7.81+/-0.80 vs 8.01+/-0.08, t = 2.941, P = 0.042; 8.05+/-0.15 vs 8.56+/-0.014, t = 4.883, P = 0.039) decreased markedly in Mfn2 mice in 72 and 120 hours after injection. In the fasting state, in 24 hours after injection, FBS in Mfn2 group was significantly lower than that in HK group [(2.65+/-0.70 vs 5.28+/-0.82) mmol/L, t = 6.879, P value less than 0.01] and TG was also significantly higher than that in HK group [(1.96+/-0.32 vs 1.12+/-0.16) mmol/L, t = -6.711, P value less than 0.01]. No statistical differences found between the NC and HK groups for FBS and TG (F = 1.412, P = 0.26; F = 2.711, P = 0.14). The plasma glucose level in Mfn2 mice was significantly higher than that in HK mice [(7.23+/-0.82 vs 5.18+/-0.69) mmol/L, t = 2.050, P value less than 0.01; (7.00+/-0.67 vs 6.05+/-0.76) mmol/L, t = 3.57, P = 0.023] in 72 and 120 hours after injection. However, no differences found between the two groups for blood TG [(1.53+/-0.27 vs 1.37+/-0.18) mmol/L, t = 0.160, P = 0.23; (1.84+/-0.30 vs 1.52+/-0.37) mmol/L, t = 0.330, P = 0.503].</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The data indicate that hydrodynamics- mediated RNAi for Mfn2 gene can effectively inhibit the expression of target gene in mice liver in 72 and 120 hours after shRNA administration, and the inhibition of hepatic Mfn2 can induce glycometabolic and fat metabolic disorder.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Blood Glucose , Metabolism , GTP Phosphohydrolases , Genetics , Metabolism , Gene Expression , Hydrodynamics , Lipids , Blood , Liver , Chemistry , Metabolism , Mice, Inbred BALB C , RNA Interference , RNA, Messenger , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the relationship between caspase 12 activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediated apoptosis of guinea pig cochlea cells induced by intense noise.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-two guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups. The guinea pigs in the experiment groups were exposed to 4 kHz narrow band noise at 120 dB SPL for 4 h. After the noise expose for 1, 4, 14 days of the experiment guinea pigs, auditory brainstem response (ABR) of the guinea pigs on experiment and control groups were tested before decapitated. Four guinea pig's cochleae of every group were taken to paraffin section, and the rest was extracted the total protein. Apoptosis was tested by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TDT)-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate (d-UTP) nick and labeling method (TUNEL) and transmission electron microscopy. Expression of caspase 12, Bip/GRP78 was tested by immunohistochemistry and Western blot methods.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The observation by transmission electron microscopy showed the features characteristic of apoptotic cells in the Corti and SGC of 1d after the noise expose, but no in the control. There were higher expressions of Tunel-Positive cells in the OHC, SGC and SV of experiment groups, and there was significant differences compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Protein levels of Bip/GRP78 and caspase 12 were risen up after noise exposed, and there all were significant differences compared with the control group (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Intense noise causes cochlea cell lesion by inducing apoptosis to result in and caspase 12 induced endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis plays an important role in the procedure of apoptosis.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Apoptosis , Caspase 12 , Metabolism , Cochlea , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Pathology , Endoplasmic Reticulum , Metabolism , Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem , Guinea Pigs , Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer , Metabolism , Pathology , NoiseABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of chronic enhanced external counterpulastion (EECP) on gene expression profiles of arterial endothelial cells (ECs) of pigs fed with high-cholesterol diet.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eight male pigs were fed with high-cholesterol diet for 12 weeks to induce arteriosclerosis and subjected to EECP for accumulative 36 h (2 h every other day for 18 sessions). Another 8 pigs on cholesterol-enriched diet and 6 normally fed pigs served as the arteriosclerosis model group and normal control group, respectively, and the high-cholesterol diet was maintained until the end of EECP treatment. The coronary artery was then isolated for transmission electro microscopy, and the abdominal aorta was observed using Sudan III staining. The gene expression profiles in ECs from the thoracic aorta using cDNA microarrays.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Macrophages and foam cells were detected beneath the ECs in the coronary artery of pigs in the model group, but not in the other two groups. The ratios of Sudan III-positive area in the celiac aorta were significantly lower in normal control and EECP groups than in the model control group (P<0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the gene expressions of integrins-beta1 and CTGF were up-regulated in the model group. Compared with the model group, the expressions of integrins-beta1, CTGF and VCAM-1 were down-regulated and eNOS up-regulated in EECP group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Chronic EECP may reduce endothelial injury, down-regulate the gene expression level of integrin-beta1, CTGF and VCAM-1, lower cholesterol uptake and attenuate arterial endothelial inflammation to protect the pigs fed with high-cholesterol diet from arteriosclerosis.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Aorta, Abdominal , Metabolism , Pathology , Arteriosclerosis , Genetics , Pathology , Coronary Vessels , Metabolism , Pathology , Counterpulsation , Methods , Diet, Atherogenic , Endothelial Cells , Metabolism , Gene Expression Profiling , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Methods , SwineABSTRACT
The aim of study was to investigate the killing effect of double suicide gene system mediated by retroviral vector on K562 cells in vivo and ex vivo. CDglyTK gene was transfected into PA317 cells by using lipofectamine. K562 cells were infected with viral supernatant. K562/CDglyTK cells were treated with 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) and/or ganciclovir (GCV). Mice were randomly divided into three groups: tumor formation, tumor inhibition and tumor therapy. Each mouse was implanted with K562/CDglyTK cells or K562 cells. The results indicated that the killing effect of 5-FC in combination with GCV on K562/CDglyTK was more significant than using 5-FC or GCV alone. In vivo study showed that after being injected subcutaneously with K562 cells and K562/CDglyTK cells, there was not obvious difference in tumor formation rate of mice, 5-FC + GCV could suppress tumor formation of the K562/CDglyTK cells. After being treated with 5-FC and GCV, the median tumor volume of mice implanted with K562/CDglyTK cells decreased obviously, compared with the control group. Their median survival was significantly prolonged. It is concluded that double suicide genes are more effective for killing effect on K562 cells in vivo and in ex vivo. It may be applicable to clinical gene therapy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Cytosine Deaminase , Genetics , Flucytosine , Pharmacology , Ganciclovir , Pharmacology , Genes, Transgenic, Suicide , Genetics , Genetic Therapy , Genetic Vectors , Genetics , K562 Cells , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Genetics , Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases , Genetics , Recombinant Fusion Proteins , Genetics , Recombination, Genetic , Retroviridae , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a pig model of chronic external counterpulsation.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve pigs were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (< or =30 mg/kg.b.w.) and 846 mixture (< or =0.1 ml/kg.b.w.) and counterpulsed in a lateral position for 2 h every two days (totally 36 h) with 0.025 to 0.04 MPa/cm(2) pressure.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>External counterpulsation was successfully completed in all the animals. Combined administration of sodium pentobarbital and 846 mixture resulted in good anesthetic effect with reduced anesthetic dosage and minimal side effect on the viscera (the liver, kidney and heart, etc).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The pig model of chronic external counterpulsation has been successfully established. Combined use of sodium pentobarbital and 846 mixture is recommended for chronic external counterpulsation.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Anesthesia, General , Methods , Animals, Newborn , Assisted Circulation , Counterpulsation , Methods , Models, Animal , Pentobarbital , SwineABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effects of enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP) on the vascular morphology, and endothelial function using experimentally induced hypercholesterolemic pigs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty five male pigs were randomly divided into three groups: 7 normal control animals, 11 hypercholesterolemic animals, and 17 hypercholesterolemic animals receiving EECP. Serum cholesterol was measured. The coronary arteries and aortas were sampled for histopathologic and ultrastructural examination. The NF-kappaB protein expression of porcine coronary arteries was investigated by immunofluorescence.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal controls, serum cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the hypercholesterolemic animals with or without EECP. The plaque/intimal area ratio of the aorta decreased significantly in animals receiving EECP [(3.33 +/- 2.40)%, versus (12.03 +/- 7.12)% in those without EECP, P < 0.05]. Lipid deposition, endothelial damage and proliferation of smooth muscle cells were less severe in animals receiving EECP than those not. Moreover, activation and expression of NF-kappaB also decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in animals receiving EECP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>EECP improves the morphology and function of vascular endothelium, and retards the development and progression of atherosclerosis, likely through the inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling pathway.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Aorta, Abdominal , Metabolism , Pathology , Atherosclerosis , Blood , Metabolism , Pathology , Cholesterol , Blood , Coronary Vessels , Metabolism , Pathology , Counterpulsation , Methods , Endothelial Cells , Metabolism , Pathology , Hypercholesterolemia , Blood , Metabolism , Pathology , Lipoproteins, LDL , Blood , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Electron, Scanning , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission , Muscle, Smooth, Vascular , Metabolism , Pathology , NF-kappa B , Metabolism , Random Allocation , SwineABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the clinical efficacy of Qingqiao Capsule (QQC) in treating patients with secretory otitis media (SOM).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 90 patients were randomly assigned into the treated group (n = 45) and the control group (n = 45). Patients in the treated group were administrated with QQC, 5 capsules each time, 3 times a day for totally 10-14 days, and those in the control group were given per os cefaclor capsules 0.5 g each time for adult, 3 times a day, or 20 mg/(kg.d) for children, for 10-14 days. The therapeutic efficacy of treatment on the patients was observed and compared after treatment and followed up for 3-6 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The clinical efficacy in the treated group was superior to that in the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.01); (2) Comparison of the efficacies in patients of three different TCM syndrome types (the external pathogenic wind invasion caused auditory orifice stuffiness type, the Gan-Dan damp-heat steaming up auditory orifice type and the Pi-deficiency dysfunction induced dirty dampness blocking ear type) showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05); (3) The vanishing rate and time needed of the main symptoms and signs in the treated group were superior to those in the control group on ear muffle, tinnitus, hearing impairment, hydrotypanum, pure tone threshold and abnormal tongue figure, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), only those of earache, otopiesis and abnormal pulse figure were insignificantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>QQC is an effective Chinese composite medicine on patients with SOM, and shows no obvious adverse reaction.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Humans , Capsules , Cefaclor , Therapeutic Uses , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Therapeutic Uses , Otitis Media with Effusion , Drug Therapy , Syndrome , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of chloride channels on the regulation of platelet cytoplasmic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and platelet aggregation (PAG).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Freshly separated platelets were activated by thrombin. Chloride channel blockers DIDS or NFA and calcium channel blockers SK&F96365 or nifedipine were added to study the effects on platelet [Ca2+]i and PAG by a single reagent or the combination of reagents and find out the interactions among DIDS, NFA, SK&F96365 and nifedipine.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both DIDS and NFA could inhibit the thrombin (1 U/ml) induced PAG in a dose-dependent manner, whereas had little effect on resting [Ca2+]i. As compared with the control group, DIDS, SK&F96365 and Nifedipine could significantly reduce the PAG, Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx in thrombin activated platelet (P < 0.05). The combination of DIDS and SK&F96365 had greater effects in reducing the PAG, Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx than either reagent alone (P < 0.05). The combination of DIDS and nifedipine also had greater effect than each alone in reducing Ca2+ release (P < 0.05). The combination of NFA and SK&F96365 weakened each other's effect on Ca2+ release (P < 0.05), while NFA and nifedipine weakened each other's effects on PAG, Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx in thrombin activated platelet (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>DIDS and NFA have no effect on the resting [Ca2+]i and the leak calcium influx of platelet. DIDS can inhibit the Ca2+ release, Ca2+ influx and PAG of platelet induced by thrombin, while NFA can only inhibit the Ca2+ release. The chloride channel and calcium channel blockers have interactions in affecting resting [Ca2+]i and PAG of platelet. The opening of chloride channel can influence the cellular calcium movement of platelet.</p>